Contractions

Contractions

We often "contract" or shorten words in English. For example, we may say "he's" instead of "he is". Note that we usually insert an apostrophe (') in place of the missing letter or letters in writing. Here are some example sentences:

• I haven't seen him. (I have not seen him.)
• Who's calling? (Who is calling?)
• They're coming. (They are coming.)

We do this especially when we speak. We do not contract words so much in writing

Positive Contractions

Be careful. Some contractions can have two or three meanings. For example, he'd can be he had or he would. It depends on the rest of the sentence. Look at these examples:

• He'd like to go. (He would like to go.)
• He'd finished when I arrived. (He had finished when I arrived.)

The contraction 's (= is or has) is not used only with pronouns. It can also be used with nouns, names, question words and words like "here" and "there", for example: The train's late. John's arrived. Where's the phone? Here's your change. There's a policeman.

Short form	Long form
I'm	I am
I've	I have
I'll	I will/I shall
I'd	I would/I should/I had
you're	you are
you've	you have
you'll	you will
you'd	you had/you would
he's	he has/he is
he'll	he will
he'd	he had/he would
she's	she has/she is
she'll	she will
she'd	she had/she would
it's	it has/it is
it'll	it will
we're	we are
we've	we have
we'll	we will
we'd	we had/we would
they're	they are
they've	they have
they'll	they will
they'd	they had/they would

Negative Contractions

With the verb "to be", two negative forms are possible - we aren't or we're not etc. In questions, am not is contracted to aren't, for example: I'm late, aren't I?

Short form Long form aren't are not can't cannot, can not couldn't could not daren't dare not didn't did not doesn't does not don't do not hasn't has not haven't have not hadn't had not isn't is not mayn't may not mightn't might not mustn't must not needn't need not oughtn't ought not shan't shall not shouldn't should not wasn't was not weren't were not won't will not wouldn't would not

Other Contractions

It is possible, and common, to contract three words, for example: I'd've thought so = I would have thought so.

Short form	Long form	Example
here's	here is	Here's your meal.
there'll	there will	There'll be nobody here tomorrow.
there's	there is	There's a taxi!
that's	that is	That's my car!
that'll	that will	That'll be $10, please.
how's	how is?	How's your wife?
what'll	what will?	What'll people think?
what's	what is?	What's the matter?
when's	when is?	When's the wedding?
where's	where is?	Where's the cinema?
who's	who is?	Who's your teacher?
who'd	who would?	Who'd like ice-cream?
who'll	who will?	Who'll be there?

Informal Contractions

Informal contractions are short forms of other words that people use when speaking casually. They are not exactly slang, but they are a little like slang.

For example, "gonna" is a short form of "going to". If you say "going to" very fast, without carefully pronouncing each word, it can sound like "gonna".

Please remember that these are informal contractions. That means that we do not use them in "correct" speech, and we almost never use them in writing. (If you see them in writing, for example in a comic strip, that is because the written words represent the spoken words or dialogue.) We normally use them only when speaking fast and casually, for example with friends. Some people never use them, even in informal speech.

It is probably true to say that informal contractions are more common in American English.

Also note that, unlike normal contractions, we do not usually use apostrophes (') with informal contractions when written.

On the right are some common informal contractions, with example sentences. Note that the example sentences may be a little artificial because when we use a contraction we may also use other contractions in the same sentence, or even drop some words completely. For example:

• What are you going to do? >>
• Whatcha going to do? >>
• Whatcha gonna do?

or

• Do you want a beer?
• Do you wanna beer?
• D'you wanna beer?
• D'ya wanna beer?
• Ya wanna beer?
• Wanna beer?

• ain't = am not/are not/is not
  I ain't sure.
  You ain't my boss.
• ain't = has not/have not
  I ain't done it.
  She ain't finished yet.
• gimme = give me
  Gimme your money.
  Don't gimme that rubbish.
  Can you gimme a hand?
• gonna = going to
  Nothing's gonna change my love for you.
  I'm not gonna tell you.
  What are you gonna do?
• gotta = (have) got a
  I've gotta gun.
  I gotta gun.
  She hasn't gotta penny.
  Have you gotta car?
• gotta = (have) got to
  I've gotta go now.
  I gotta go now.
  We haven't gotta do that.
  Have they gotta work?
• kinda = kind of
  She's kinda cute.
• lemme = let me
  Lemme go!
• wanna = want to
  I wanna go home.
• wanna = want a
  I wanna coffee.
• whatcha = what are you
  Whatcha going to do?
• whatcha = what have you
  Whatcha got there?
• ya = you
  Who saw ya?